Clothing – suits, dresses, skirts, shirts andmore.
Household and commercial furnishings-tablecloths,tea towels, sheets, wallpaper/wallpaper,curtains, etc.
Industrial products – bags,canvas, etc. shrinkage fiber with scales on the surface. It is madeup of proteins.
Fiber appearance varies by breed of sheep. Finer, softer and warmer fibers tend to have smoother scales. Thicker, coolerfibers have fewer and coarser scales. Generally,fine wool fibers with finer scales havea duller appearance than inferiorfiberswith fewer scales.
Features
Appearanceshrinkage
Elasticity
Moistureabsorption,easytoabsorb moisture
Higherignition temperature than cotton
Flamespreadspeed,lower heat release and heatof combustion
Resistant
Electricity,su444-Electric sweaters, hats, etc.
Blankets, rugs,felts and upholstery
Horse cushions, saddle pads
Silk
Silk is a fine, continuous threadthatunwinds from the cocoon of thecaterpillarofthe moth called the silkworm. It is madeup of proteins. It is very shiny due to the triangular prism-like structure of the silk fibers, which allows itsfabric to refract incoming light at different angles. Propertiesof
isshiny, smooth and soft,non-slip
islight and strong, but loses up to 20% of its strength when wet
hasmedium to lowelasticity. If stretched, it stays stretched
weakens if exposed to too much sun
is affected by insects, especially if soiled
recovers up to 11% of its humidity
applications
shirts,ties,Shirts,FormalWear-Fashion
Underwear,Sleepwear,Dresses,DressSuitsandSundresses
ManyFurniture Applications
Upholstery,WallCoverings and WallHangings
Other Natural Fibers
Jute
Lejutecomes from thelarge plant of the same name and is easilyprocessed and harvested.
It is the cheapest fiber and it is used in large quantities.
Features
Notdurable, deteriorates quickly when wet
Low strength
Insufficientstrength,cannot be bleached pure white
Applications
Binding yarn for carpets, coarse fabrics and cheap fabrics, etc. 44Thinpaper. Kapok is a white,hairy fiber obtained from the pods of aplant and tree called Ceiba Pentandra whichgrows in Java and Sumatra (Indonesia), Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, inthenorthof South America and tropical West Africa.
is called silk cotton because its shine is comparable to that of real silk.
Properties
Smooth texture
Highgloss
Low
Short fiber length
Moistureresistant, dries quickly when wet
Applications
Mattresses, cushions, upholstery
Asemaxhe also known as
Asemaxheer and China .
It comes from a long flowering plant.
Properties
Hard
Fragile
Glossy
Applications
Canvas, upholstery, clothing, etc.
2. Man-made fibers
2.1.
Artificial(regenerated)
Cellulose
They are derived from the cellulose in the cell walls of short cotton fibers called linters,or more commonly pine wood. There are three types of rayonfibers:rayon, acetate and triacetate.
Rayon
Rayon [Link to Raylon] Made from natural polymers that mimic natural cellulosefibers. It is neither a real synthetic fiber nor a real natural fiber.
rayoncomesin two varieties:tacky and high wet modulus (HWM).
These are in turn produced in different types to provide certain specific properties.
Properties
Soft, smooth, comfortable
Naturally high shine
Very absorbent
Poordurability and shape retention, especially when wet
Low elastic recovery
Generallyweaker, but HWM rayon is stronger, retainsappearance and looksgood.
Applications
Clothing – Shirts, dresses, jackets, underwear,liners, suits, ties, etc.
Furniture – bedspreads, sheets, blankets, curtains,upholstery, etc.
Industrial uses e.
Acetate is a thermoplastic that can be formed into any shape by applying pressure and heat. Acetate has good shape retention.
Performance
Thermoplastic
Good abrasionresistance
Soft, smooth,elastic
Bouncy and quickdrying
Shiny appearance
Lowresistance,quickly loses resistancewithwater,requiresdrycleaning
Poor abrasion resistance underwear,liners, suits, ties, etc.
For fabrics such as satin,brocade,taffeta, etc.
It is a thermoplastic fiberthat is more elastic than other cellulosic fibers
Properties
Thermoplastic
Elastic
Shape retention and wrinkle resistance
Shrinkable
Easytowashandholdswell even at higher temperatures44Ply44Ply4Goodhold444Choose4garments where kinkresistance is important e.g. skirts and dresses
Can be used with polyester to make shiny garments
2.2. Non-cellulosic syntheticfibers
Polymers
This group of fibers is characterized by thesynthesis or manufactureoflargermoleculescalledlinearpolymers from various elements.
The molecules of each specific compound are arranged in parallel lines in the fibers. This arrangement of molecules is called molecular orientation.
The properties of thesefibersdepend on their chemical composition and thetype of molecular orientation.
Nylon
In nylon, the fibrogenic substance is a longchain synthetic polyamide in which less than 85% of the amide bonds are directly linked to two aromatic rings. The elements carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen are chemically combined into compounds which react to form longchain molecules, chemically known as polyamides,which then formfibers.
Nyloncomesinmanyforms. Each depends on chemical synthesis.
They are: Nylon 4; 6; 6.6; 6.10; 6.
12,8,10 and 11.
Features
Highresilience
High elongation and elasticity
Very strong and durable
Excellent abrasion resistance
Thermoplastic
Highgloss,semi-gloss,semi-glossCapable44in4or4gloss,44 to 44brilliant.
Clothing–tights, stockings, leggings, etc.
Home furnishings
Industrial applications – parachutes, tire cords, ropes, airbags, hoses, etc.
Polyester
In polyester, the fibrogenic substance is any long-chain synthetic polymer consisting of at least 85% by weight of esters of substituted aromatic carboxylic acids, but not limitedto, substituted terephthalate units and substitutedpara-paraben units. productionofthisfiber, the basic elements of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen are polymerized.
Themethod of production, the combination of ingredients and the final molecular structure of the fibrogenicsubstancecanallvary.
Properties
Thermoplastic
Good resistance
Hydrophobic (non-absorbent)
Applications – Clothing–Woven and knitted, shirts, trousers, jackets, hats, etc. WaistBelts,SeatBelts,WaistBeltReinforcer
Spandex
The fibrogenic substance used inthemanufactureof spandex is any longchain synthetic polymer containing at least 85% segmented polyurethane. Variations mayoccurinthemanufactureof this fiber.
The buildingblocks of nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen are synthesized with other substances assoftsegmentsorportionsof ethyl esters in polymer chains that provide stretch segments and hold the chainsoftheharder chain segment together.
Thebrandnames of the three spandex fibers are Cleer-span, Glospan and Lycra.
Properties
High elasticity
Comfort
Great shape retention
Durability
Applications
Never used alone but always mixed with other fibers
Garments and clothing items stretch for acomfortable fit
Hosieahl
HosieahlClothing4UnderwearSocks, leggings and
Sculpting bra cups
Acrylic
In acrylic, the fibrogenic substance is any long-chain polymer containing at least 85% by weight of acrylonitrile units. Using complex processes, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, buildingblocks are synthesizedintolargerpolymerassemblies with small amounts of other chemicals.
Themethod of production, the combination of ingredients and the final molecular structure of the fibrogenicsubstancecanallvary.
Properties
Soft, warm Wool-like handling properties
Elasticity
Shape retention
Applications
Clothing
Home furnishings
3. Artificial– Protein fibers
Proteinis converted into milkandchemicallyprocessed.fiber. However, thisfiberwas not commercially successful.
4.
Artificialrubberfibers
Fibrogenicsubstancesconsisting of natural and synthetic rubber. Cured rubber is produced in strands, so that the crosssection is either round or square,withrelativelysmooth longitudinal surfaces.
5. Artificial-Metalfibers
These fibersconsist of metal, metalcoveredwith plastic, plasticcoveredwithmetal or a core entirely covered with metal. These fibers are usually produced in flat, narrow, smooth bandswith high gloss.
Applications
Yarnsforclothing and upholstery.
6. Man-Made- Mineral Fibers
Various minerals have been producedin glass, ceramic and graphite fibers,whichhave prescribed properties for specific uses.
Glass
Although glass is a hard and inflexible material, it can be formed into a fine, translucent textile fiber that has thelook and feel of silk.
Natural minerals such as silica sand, limestone, soda ash, borax, boric acid, feldspar and fluorspar aremeltedat high temperature into glass andmade into fibers.
Properties
Inert
Highly flame retardant
Applications
Heat resistant industrial applications
Parameters oftextilefibers
Fibrous materials must possess certain properties to be a suitable textile raw material. Thepropertiesnecessarytobeaccepted as suitable raw materialscan be groupedinto”mainproperties”.Other properties that add specific desirable properties or aesthetics to the final product and its use can be classified as “secondaryproperties”.
Mainfeatures
1. Length
2.
Endurance (strength)
3. Flexibility
4. Cohesion
5. Consistency of traits
Minortraits
1. Fitness
2.
Specific gravity (impact weight, coating, etc.)
3. Hygroscopicity (comfort, static, etc.)
4. Elasticity
5.
Thermoplasticity (softening point and thermosettingproperties)
6. Colorability
7. Resistance to solvents, aggressive chemicals, microorganisms and environmental conditions
8. Flammability
9. Gloss
Physical properties
Physicalproperties
Properties
Microscopicacts
Characteristics AppearanceFlat,twisted,banded
Shortfibersof length ranging from 1 to 5inlength.
